Subjects

Semaglutide 343

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, the subject of the STEP obesity programme and the SELECT cardiovascular outcome trial.

Tirzepatide 344

A once-weekly dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, studied for glycaemic control in SURPASS and for weight in SURMOUNT.

Peptide synthesis 244

Solid-phase and hybrid routes, coupling chemistry, protecting-group strategy, and the economics of chain length.

Certificates of analysis 1,016

What a COA contains, what it omits, how to read one, and how to tell a real one from a template.

Purity 1,020

Chromatographic purity as a measurement: method, gradient, wavelength, integration, and reference standard.

Stability 394

Degradation pathways, lyophilised versus reconstituted shelf life, and in-use data.

Cold chain 283

Temperature-controlled transport, mean kinetic temperature, excursions, and what a data logger does not capture.

Reconstitution 223

Diluent choice, volume arithmetic, unit conversion, and the errors that recur.

Dosing 613

Label schedules, clinical practice, dose holding, and the pharmacokinetics that constrain both.

Titration 276

Escalation intervals, tolerability-led adjustment, plateau, and re-titration after an interruption.

Side effects 401

Incidence in the trial populations, mechanism where it is known, and management where it is supported.

Cardiovascular outcomes 208

SELECT, REWIND, SUSTAIN-6, LEADER and the outcome literature that reframed the class.

STEP programme 352

The semaglutide obesity trial programme, trial by trial.

SURMOUNT programme 370

The tirzepatide obesity trial programme, trial by trial.

Trial design 627

Estimands, comparators, withdrawal handling, and the difference between a design and a headline.

Compounding 568

Compounded preparations, the legal basis for them, and the quality questions they raise.

503B outsourcing facilities 357

Registered outsourcing facilities compounding without patient-specific prescriptions.

Shortage listings 256

Drug shortage declarations, the compounding they permitted, and their resolution.

Regulation 978

Statute, guidance, docket and enforcement — reported from the documents.

Enforcement 416

Inspection observations, warning letters, injunctions, seizures and recalls.

Import & customs 280

Personal importation allowances, declarations, interdictions and tariff categories.

Counterfeits & mislabelling 331

Underfilled vials, substituted contents, cloned certificates and fabricated batch numbers.

Vendors 952

The companies whose names appear on the label, reported as businesses.

API sourcing 452

Where the active ingredient comes from, and how far back a batch number can be traced.

Fill & finish 216

Aseptic filling, stoppering, capping, labelling and secondary packaging.

Independent testing 534

The four services this market relies on, examined as institutions.

Pricing 484

List price, negotiated price, cash price, and the gap between them.

Access 626

Who can get treatment, where, and under what condition.

International 205

Reporting from outside the United States, where most of this market’s customers are.

Injection technique 267

Needle length, site rotation, priming, and unit arithmetic.

Nutrition 214

Protein intake, energy density, micronutrients and eating on a suppressed appetite.

Closures 223

Operations that stopped trading, and what happened to their customers.

Retatrutide 65

An investigational triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist in the TRIUMPH programme.

Cagrilintide 69

A long-acting amylin analogue, studied alone and co-formulated with semaglutide.

HPLC 88

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography — the method behind almost every purity figure in the trade.

Mass spectrometry 101

Identity confirmation by mass, and the difference between a mass that matches and a sequence that is confirmed.

Peptide content 182

The fraction of a vial’s mass that is actually peptide — a different question from purity, and rarely reported.

Sterility 132

Sterility assurance, aseptic fill, container closure integrity, and why a purity certificate is silent on all of it.

Endotoxin 84

Bacterial endotoxin testing, limits, and the LAL methods used to establish them.

Nausea 95

The commonest reason for dose reduction and the commonest reason for discontinuation.

Delayed gastric emptying 114

Slowed gastric emptying as a mechanism, an adverse event, and a peri-operative consideration.

Lean mass 68

Body-composition change during rapid weight loss, and what the protein and resistance-training literature supports.

503A pharmacies 170

Traditional compounding pharmacies dispensing against individual prescriptions.

Janoshik Analytical 140

The Czech testing laboratory whose reports circulate most widely in this market.

Medutest 86

An independent testing and verification service used across the research-peptide trade.

PeptideMeter 149

An independent peptide testing and verification service.

VendorInvestigate 101

An independent vendor verification service.

Insurance 186

Prior authorisation, step therapy, formulary exclusion and appeal.

China 200

The manufacturing base for most research peptides sold worldwide.

Syringes & units 65

Insulin syringe graduations, the 100-unit convention, and the arithmetic that goes wrong.

Discontinuation 71

Withdrawal trials, weight regain, maintenance dosing and stopping for cost.

Maintenance 170

Dose reduction after target, intermittent schedules, and what evidence exists for either.

Exercise 67

Resistance training during weight loss and what it is and is not shown to preserve.

Patient experience 153

First-person accounts, reported as accounts.

Pancreatitis 50

A rare but serious adverse event, its background rate, and how trials adjudicated it.

Thyroid 39

Rodent C-cell findings, the human data, and what the boxed warning is actually based on.

Bone density 54

What is known and largely not known about skeletal outcomes during sustained weight loss.

Bloodwork 47

Laboratory panels before, during and after treatment, and which changes are findings rather than artefacts.

HbA1c 37

Glycated haemoglobin as an endpoint, its lag, and its failure modes.

Lipids 44

Lipid movement during weight loss and on incretin therapy, and the difference between the two.

Liver 31

Hepatic steatosis, transaminases, and the MASH trial programme.

Kidney 39

Renal outcomes, the FLOW trial, and eGFR trajectory during rapid weight loss.

SELECT 39

The semaglutide cardiovascular outcome trial in overweight and obesity without diabetes.

FLOW 38

The semaglutide renal outcome trial in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease.

Liraglutide 0

A once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, the first of the class to be approved for weight management.

Dulaglutide 0

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for cardiovascular outcomes in REWIND.

Exenatide 0

The first marketed GLP-1 receptor agonist, derived from exendin-4.

Orforglipron 0

An investigational oral non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Survodutide 0

An investigational dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Mazdutide 0

An investigational GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed principally for the Chinese market.

Tesamorelin 0

A growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue, frequently discussed alongside incretins and frequently confused with them.

BPC-157 0

A pentadecapeptide sold widely for research use, with essentially no controlled human efficacy data.

Obstructive sleep apnoea 0

The SURMOUNT-OSA programme and apnoea-hypopnoea index outcomes.

SURPASS programme 0

The tirzepatide type 2 diabetes trial programme.

TRIUMPH programme 0

The retatrutide phase 3 programme.

Research use only 0

What the label means legally, commercially, and in practice.

Cost of goods 0

What it costs to make, fill, package and ship a vial.

Europe 0

Reimbursement decisions, national formularies and EU-level regulation.

Latin America 0

Approval, availability and price across the region.

East Asia 0

Manufacturing capacity, export categories and domestic markets.

United Kingdom 0

NICE appraisal, NHS supply and the private market.

Australia 0

TGA scheduling, PBS listing and the compounding ban.

Canada 0

Health Canada approval, provincial coverage and cross-border purchasing.